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Desert in South America

Atacama Desert
Atacama.png

Atacama past NASA Globe Wind
Atacama map.svg

Map of the Atacama Desert: The area most commonly defined as Atacama is yellow-orange. In orange are the outlying arid areas of the southern Chala, Altiplano, Puna de Atacama, and Norte Chico.
Ecology
Realm Neotropical
Biome Deserts and xeric shrublands
Borders Primal Andean dry puna, Chilean matorral, and Sechura Desert
Geography
Area 104,741 km2 (40,441 sq mi)
Country Chile
Coordinates 24°30′S 69°15′W  /  24.500°S 69.250°W  / -24.500; -69.250 Coordinates: 24°thirty′Southward 69°fifteen′West  /  24.500°S 69.250°West  / -24.500; -69.250
Conservation
Protected 3,385 km² (3%)[i]

The Atacama Desert (Spanish: Desierto de Atacama) is a desert plateau in S America covering a 1,600 km (990 mi) strip of state on the Pacific declension, westward of the Andes Mountains. The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world,[A] as well as the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts and the largest fog desert in the world. Both regions have been used every bit experimentation sites on World for Mars trek simulations. The Atacama Desert occupies 105,000 kmtwo (41,000 sq mi),[6] or 128,000 km2 (49,000 sq mi) if the arid lower slopes of the Andes are included.[7] Almost of the desert is equanimous of stony terrain, salt lakes (salares), sand, and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes.

The desert owes its extreme aridity to a constant temperature inversion due to the cool north-flowing Humboldt ocean current and to the presence of the strong Pacific anticyclone.[viii] The most barren region of the Atacama Desert is situated between two mountain bondage (the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Ocean, a ii-sided rain shadow.[9]

Despite modern views of Atacama Desert as fully devoid of vegetation, in pre-Columbian and Colonial times a large flatland area known equally Pampa del Tamarugal was a woodland but need for firewood associated with silver and saltpeter mining in the 18th and 19th centuries resulted in widespread deforestation.[x] [B]

Setting [edit]

Co-ordinate to the Earth Wide Fund for Nature, the Atacama Desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nigh 1,600 km (ane,000 mi) along the narrow declension of the northern third of Chile, from almost Arica (18°24′S) southward to virtually La Serena (29°55′Due south).[11] The National Geographic Order considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert[12] [xiii] and includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Republic of peru. All the same, other sources consider that the part of the desert in Republic of peru is a different ecosystem, and should properly be named as Pampas de la Joya desert.

Republic of peru borders it on the due north and the Chilean Matorral ecoregion borders it on the s. To the east lies the less barren Primal Andean dry out puna ecoregion. The drier portion of this ecoregion is located south of the Loa River between the parallel Sierra Vicuña Mackenna and Cordillera Domeyko. To the north of the Loa lies the Pampa del Tamarugal.

The Littoral Cliff of northern Chile west of the Chilean Coast Range is the primary topographical feature of the coast.[xiv] The geomorphology of the Atacama Desert has been characterized every bit a low-relief bench "similar to a giant uplifted terrace" past Armijo and co-workers.[15] The intermediate depression (or Cardinal Valley) forms a serial of endorheic basins in much of Atacama Desert south of latitude nineteen°30'S. North of this latitude, the intermediate low drains into the Pacific Ocean.[sixteen]

Climate [edit]

The almost total lack of precipitation is the most prominent feature of the Atacama Desert.[18]

In 2012, the altiplano winter brought floods to San Pedro de Atacama.[19] [xx]

On 25 March 2015, heavy rainfall affected the southern part of the Atacama Desert.[21] [22] Resulting floods triggered mudflows that affected the cities of Copiapo, Tierra Amarilla, Chanaral, and Diego de Almagro, causing the deaths of more than 100 people.

Dehydration [edit]

A flat area of the Atacama Desert between Antofagasta and Taltal

The Atacama Desert is commonly known equally the driest place in the earth, especially the surroundings of the abandoned Yungay mining town, where the University of Antofagasta Desert Enquiry Station is located,[23] [24] in Antofagasta Region, Chile.[25] The boilerplate rainfall is about fifteen mm (0.6 in) per year,[26] although some locations receive 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.12 in) in a year.[27] Moreover, some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain. Periods up to four years accept been registered with no rainfall in the key sector, delimited past the cities of Antofagasta, Calama, and Copiapó, in Chile.[28] Testify suggests that the Atacama may non have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971.[half dozen]

Feral donkey in the Atacama desert

The Atacama Desert may be the oldest desert on globe, and has experienced extreme hyperaridity for at to the lowest degree three million years, making it the oldest continuously arid region on globe. The long history of dehydration raises the possibility that supergene mineralisation, under the advisable weather, can grade in arid environments, instead of requiring humid weather condition.[29] The presence of evaporite formations suggest that in some sections of the Atacama Desert, arid atmospheric condition have persisted for the final 200 million years (since the Triassic).

The Atacama is then arid that many mountains college than 6,000 m (20,000 ft) are completely costless of glaciers. Only the highest peaks (such as Ojos del Salado, Monte Pissis, and Llullaillaco) accept some permanent snow coverage.

The southern function of the desert, between 25 and 27°S, may have been glacier-gratuitous throughout the Quaternary (including during glaciations), though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m (14,400 ft) and is continuous above five,600 m (18,400 ft). Studies past a grouping of British scientists take suggested that some river beds have been dry out for 120,000 years.[30] However, some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca, providing sufficient wet for hypolithic algae, lichens, and even some cacti—the genus Copiapoa is notable among these.

Geographically, the aridity of the Atacama is explained by its being situated between two mount bondage (the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range) of sufficient height to foreclose moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans, a two-sided rain shadow.[nine]

In June 1991 Antofagasta and Taltal and inland regions equally far as Calama received unusual rainfall leading to germination of a series of mudflows that killed 91 persons.[31] [32] [33]

Comparison to Mars [edit]

The lack of humidity, pelting, and light pollution together produce a dusty, rocky landscape.[34]

In a region well-nigh 100 km (60 mi) due south of Antofagasta, which averages 3,000 m (x,000 ft) in elevation, the soil has been compared to that of Mars. Owing to its otherworldly appearance, the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes, most notably in the television series Infinite Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets.

In 2003, a team of researchers published a report in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking one and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil in the region of Yungay.[24] The region may be unique on Earth in this regard and is existence used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions. The team duplicated the Viking tests in Mars-like Earth environments and found that they missed present signs of life in soil samples from Antarctic dry valleys, the Atacama Desert of Republic of chile and Peru, and other locales. However, in 2014, a new hyperarid site was reported, María Elena South, which was much drier than Yungay and, thus, a better Mars-like environment.[35]

Towards Atacama, near the deserted coast, y'all see a land without men, where there is not a bird, not a beast, nor a tree, nor any vegetation.

La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla, 1569[36]

In 2008, the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered.[37] Perchlorates are as well establish in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics, leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates. The Atacama is as well a testing site for the NASA-funded Earth–Mars Cave Detection Program.[38]

Flora [edit]

Rare rainfall events cause the flowering desert phenomenon in the southern Atacama Desert.

In spite of the geographic and climatic atmospheric condition of the desert, a rich variety of flora has evolved at that place. Over 500 species have been gathered inside the edge of this desert. These species are characterized by their extraordinary ability to adapt to this extreme environment.[39] Most mutual species are the herbs and flowers such equally thyme, llareta, and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and where humidity is sufficient, trees such as the chañar (Geoffroea decorticans), the pimiento tree, and the leafy algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis).

The llareta is 1 of the highest-growing woods species in the earth. Information technology is found at altitudes betwixt 3,000 and five,000 m (ix,800 and sixteen,400 ft). Its dumbo form is similar to a pillow some three to 4 k (nine.eight to 13.ane ft) thick. It concentrates and retains the estrus from the day to cope with low evening temperatures. The growth charge per unit of the llareta has been recently estimated at about 1.v cm/year (0.59 in/year), making many llaretas over three,000 years old. It produces a much-prized resin, which the mining industry once harvested indiscriminately as fuel, making this plant endangered.

The desert is too home to cacti, succulents, and other plants that thrive in a dry out climate. Cactus species here include the candelabro (Browningia candelaris) and cardon (Echinopsis atacamensis), which tin can reach a pinnacle of seven m (23 ft) and a bore of lxx cm (28 in).

The Atacama Desert flowering (Castilian: desierto florido) can be seen from September to Nov in years with sufficient precipitation, as happened in 2015.[21] [22]

Fauna [edit]

The climate of the Atacama Desert limits the number of animals living permanently in this extreme ecosystem. Some parts of the desert are so arid, no plant or animal life can survive. Outside of these extreme areas, sand-colored grasshoppers blend with pebbles on the desert floor, and beetles and their larvae provide a valuable nutrient source in the lomas (hills). Desert wasps and collywobbles can be plant during the warm and humid flavour, specially on the lomas. Red scorpions also live in the desert.

A unique environment is provided by some lomas, where the fog from the ocean provides plenty moisture for seasonal plants and a few animal species. Surprisingly few reptile species inhabit the desert and fifty-fifty fewer amphibian species. Chaunus atacamensis, the Vallenar toad or Atacama toad, lives on the lomas, where it lays eggs in permanent ponds or streams. Iguanians and lava lizards inhabit parts of the desert, while common salt flat lizards, Liolaemus, alive in the dry areas bordering the ocean.[xl] One species, Liolaemus fabiani, is endemic to the Salar de Atacama, the Atacama table salt flat.[41]

Birds are one of the most diverse animal groups in the Atacama. Humboldt penguins live year-round along the coast, nesting in desert cliffs overlooking the body of water. Inland, high-altitude salt flats are inhabited by Andean flamingos, while Chilean flamingos can be seen along the coast. Other birds (including species of hummingbirds and rufous-collared sparrow) visit the lomas seasonally to feed on insects, nectar, seeds, and flowers. The lomas help sustain several threatened species, such as the endangered Chilean woodstar.

Because of the desert's extreme aridity, only a few specially adjusted mammal species alive in the Atacama, such as Darwin'southward leaf-eared mouse. The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the Southward American gray play a trick on and the viscacha (a relative of the chinchilla). Larger animals, such as guanacos and vicuñas, graze in areas where grass grows, mainly because it is seasonally irrigated past melted snowfall. Vicuñas demand to remain near a steady water supply, while guanacos can roam into more arid areas and survive longer without fresh water. South American fur seals and Due south American sea lions oftentimes assemble along the coast.

Man presence [edit]

The Atacama is sparsely populated, with near towns located along the Pacific coast.[42] In interior areas, oases and some valleys accept been populated for millennia and were the location of the most advanced pre-Columbian societies found in Republic of chile.[ citation needed ]

Chinchorro culture [edit]

The Chinchorro civilisation developed in the Atacama Desert area from 7000 BCE to 1500 BCE. These peoples were sedentary fishermen inhabiting mostly coastal areas. Their presence is constitute from today's towns of Ilo, in southern Republic of peru, to Antofagasta in northern Chile. Presence of fresh water in the arid region on the coast facilitated homo settlement in these areas. The Chinchorro were famous for their detailed mummification and funerary practices.[43]

Inca and Spanish empires [edit]

San Pedro de Atacama, at nearly 2,400 m (viii,000 ft) elevation, is like many of the small towns. Earlier the Inca Empire and prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the extremely arid interior was inhabited primarily by the Atacameño tribe. They are noted for edifice fortified towns called pucarás, ane of which is located a few kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama. The town'south church building was built by the Spanish in 1577.

The oasis settlement of Pica has Pre-hispanic origins and served as an important stopover for transit between the coast and the Altiplano during the time of the Inca Empire.[44]

The littoral cities originated in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries during the fourth dimension of the Spanish Empire, when they emerged equally aircraft ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mining centers.

Republican catamenia [edit]

During the 19th century, the desert came under control of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. With the discovery of sodium nitrate deposits and as a result of unclear borders, the expanse soon became a zone of conflict and resulted in the War of the Pacific. Chile annexed most of the desert, and cities forth the coast developed into international ports, hosting many Chilean workers who migrated there.[45] [46] [47]

With the guano and saltpeter booms of the 19th century, the population grew immensely, mostly equally a result of immigration from key Chile. In the 20th century, the nitrate industry declined and at the same fourth dimension, the largely male population of the desert became increasingly problematic for the Chilean state. Miners and mining companies came into disharmonize, and protests spread throughout the region.

Around 1900, there were irrigation system of puquios spread through the oases of Atacama Desert.[48] Puquios are known from the valleys of Azapa and Sibaya and the oases of La Calera, Pica-Matilla and Puquio de Núñez.[48] In 1918, geologist Juan Brüggen mentioned the being of 23 socavones (shafts) in the Pica oasis, yet these have since been abandoned due to economic and social changes.[48]

Abandoned nitrate mining towns [edit]

The desert has rich deposits of copper and other minerals and the world's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate (Republic of chile saltpeter), which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s. The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 19th century and resulted in the War of the Pacific.[49]

The desert is littered with about 170 abandoned nitrate (or "saltpeter") mining towns, nigh all of which were shut downwards decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany in the first decade of the 20th century (see Haber process).[ commendation needed ] The towns include Chacabuco, Humberstone, Santa Laura, Pedro de Valdivia, Puelma, María Elena, and Oficina Anita.[ citation needed ]

The Atacama Desert is rich in metallic mineral resource such as copper, gold, silverish and iron, as well every bit nonmetallic minerals including important deposits of boron, lithium, sodium nitrate, and potassium salts. The Salar de Atacama is where bischofite is extracted.[ citation needed ] These resource are exploited by various mining companies such as Codelco, Lomas Bayas, Mantos Blancos, and Soquimich.[l] [51]

Astronomical observatories [edit]

Considering of its high altitude, most nonexistent deject encompass, dry air, and lack of light pollution and radio interference from widely populated cities and towns, this desert is one of the best places in the world to behave astronomical observations.[53] [54] Hundreds of thousands of stars can be viewed via telescope since the desert experiences more than 200 cloudless nights each twelvemonth. A number of telescopes have been installed to help astronomers from across the globe study the universe.[55] A radio astronomy telescope, called the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, built by European countries, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Chile in the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory officially opened on 3 October 2011.[56] A number of radio astronomy projects, such as the CBI, the ASTE and the ACT, among others, accept been operating in the Chajnantor area since 1999. On 26 April 2010, the ESO council decided to build a fourth site, Cerro Armazones, to be home to the Extremely Large Telescope.[57] [58] [59] Construction work at the ELT site started in June 2014.[sixty]

The European Southern Observatory operates three major observatories in the Atacama and is currently building a 4th:

  • La Silla Observatory
  • Paranal Observatory, which includes the Very Big Telescope (VLT)
  • Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, which hosts the ALMA international radio observatory
  • Cerro Armazones Observatory, site of the hereafter Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)

VISTA telescope (Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy), located on a neighbouring meridian well-nigh the Paranal summit

Other uses [edit]

Sports [edit]

Patagonia-Atacama Rally in 2007

The Atacama Desert is popular with all-terrain sports enthusiasts. Various championships have taken place here, including the Lower Atacama Rally, Lower Chile Rally, Patagonia-Atacama Rally, and the latter Dakar Rally'south editions. The rally was organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation and held in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The dunes of the desert are ideal rally races located in the outskirts of the city of Copiapó.[61] The 2013 Dakar 15-Twenty-four hour period Rally started on 5 January in Lima, Peru, through Chile, Argentina and back to Chile finishing in Santiago.[62] Visitors also use the Atacama Desert sand dunes for sandboarding (Castilian: duna).

A week-long foot race chosen the Atacama Crossing has the competitors cross the diverse landscapes of the Atacama.[63]

An outcome called Volcano Marathon takes place near the Lascar volcano in the Atacama Desert.[64]

Solar machine racing [edit]

18 solar powered cars were displayed in front of the presidential palace (La Moneda) in Santiago in November 2012.[65] The cars were and so raced ane,300 km (810 mi) through the desert from xv–19 Nov 2012.[66]

Tourism [edit]

Most people who go to tour the sites in the desert stay in the boondocks of San Pedro de Atacama.[67] The Atacama Desert is in the top three tourist locations in Chile. The specially deputed ESO hotel is reserved for astronomers and scientists. [68]

El Tatio Geyser [edit]

Virtually 80 geysers occur in a valley about eighty km from the town of San Pedro de Atacama. They are closer to the town of Chiu Chiu.[69]

Termas Baños de Puritama [edit]

The Baños de Puritama are rock pools which are 60 kilometres (37 miles) from the geysers.[70]

Gallery [edit]

  • Tara Cathedrals (left) and Tara salt apartment

  • Valle de la Luna, near San Pedro de Atacama

  • Valley in Atacama

  • Valley of Decease

  • Machuca chapel

  • Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes, home to the ESO/NAOJ/NRAO ALMA

  • The Milky Way streaking across the skies above the Chilean Atacama Desert

Protected areas [edit]

  • Pan de Azúcar National Park
  • Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve
  • La Chimba National Reserve

[edit]

  • Alicanto
  • Atacama Giant

See also [edit]

  • 2010 Copiapó mining accident
  • Atacama border dispute
  • Camanchaca
  • Listing of deserts by surface area
  • Lomas
  • Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
  • Mano del Desierto
  • Norte Grande, Chile
  • Paposo
  • Pulpería
  • Puna de Atacama
  • Salar de Atacama
  • Transverse Valleys
  • The asteroid 18725 Atacama has been named after the Atacama Desert.

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The driest existence some very specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys[two] [iii] [4] [v]
  2. ^ Reforestation efforts begun in 1963 and reforestated areas are protected since 1987 in the Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve.[10]

References [edit]

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Bibliography [edit]

  • Braudel, Fernand (1984) [1979]. The perspective of the world. Civilisation and Capitalism. Vol. 3. Berkeley: Academy of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-08116-one. OCLC 505033669.
  • Sagaris, Lake (2000). Bone and dream: into the globe's driest desert. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada. ISBN978-0-676-97223-8. OCLC 57692400.

External links [edit]

  • "Mars-similar Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life", NASA printing release
  • "Roving robot finds desert life", article in Nature
  • "A Lady in the Atacama Desert", from the travel weblog A Lady in London
  • Detailed article issued by the Geological Guild of America on the history of aridity of the Atacama Desert
  • Atacama Desert Photo Gallery, photos of many different landscapes, flora and fauna of the Atacama Desert
  • TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS of the E-ELT (acronym for European Extremely Large Telescope)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacama_Desert

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